3.16.3. Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular physiology
28 Questions
Electrical Properties of the Heart
- Draw a labelled diagram of a cardiac action potential highlighting the sequence of changes in ionic conductances. Explain the terms 'threshold', 'excitability', and 'irritability' with the aid of a diagram. (02A2) (1995)
- Briefly discuss the interaction of the action potential duration and conduction velocity in the ventricular myocardium and its effect on myocardial performance. (1993)
Determinants and Control of the Cardiac Output
- Draw a pressure volume loop for a left ventricle in a healthy adult and state the normal pressures and volumes. Outline the information which can be obtained from a pressure volume loop and how such a loop can be constructed. (02B9)(1996)
- Draw and label a left atrial pressure trace against time. List the physiological factors which effect left atrial pressure and explain their effects. (95A3)
- Quote Starlings law of the heart. Outline the factors that determine the right ventricular end diastolic volume. (1993)
- Discuss the relationship between cardiac output and venous return. Include factors that determine the magnitude of both. (1990)
Peripheral Vascular System
- Explain the physiological processes involved in the development of interstitial oedema. (01B8)
- Describe the substances released by the endothelium. Explain the role they play in regulating blood flow through the peripheral circulation. (01A6)
- Draw both aortic root and a radial artery pressure wave forms on the same axes. Explain the differences between them. (99B8)
- Explain the significance of plasma oncotic pressure in capillary fluid dynamics. (99A8)
- Explain the local effects of a decrease on plasma colloid osmotic pressure in the skeletal muscle capillary bed. (97B1)
- Briefly discuss the factors that influence the rate of blood flow through a capillary bed. (1994)
- Describe the relationship between vascular tone and tissue oxygenation. (1994)
- Briefly discuss the humoral factors that control blood pressure. (1993)
- Give an account of the Starling forces within the capillary circulation. Include specific reference to the pulmonary and glomerular capillaries. (1991)
Control of Circulation
- Describe the role of baroreceptors in the control of systemic arterial pressure. (03B10) (00B1)
- Describe the autonomic innervation of the heart and the direct effect of autonomic stimulation on the heart. (99A7)
- Describe the compensatory mechanism in a fit person moving from the supine to the erect position. (98B2)
- On arising from the horizontal position, in a normal gravitational field, a series of reflex adjustments follows which results in a redistribution of blood volume and body water. DISCUSS the physics and physiology involved. (94B1)
- Explain the cardiovascular responses to a Valsalva manoeuvre maintained for 30 seconds. What can be learnt about cardiovascular function from observing these responses? (94B2)
- Briefly discuss the humoral factors that control blood pressure. (1993)
- Write short notes on volume receptors. (1992)
Regional Circulation
- Describe the effects of tachycardia on myocardial oxygen supply and demand in a normal heart. (03B9)
- Explain the mechanisms that maintain cerebral blood flow on moving from a supine to a standing position. (03A12) (99B6) (96B4)
- Describe the factors influencing hepatic blood flow. (03A10) (99A6)
- Outline the factors that determine coronary vascular resistance. (02B11)
- List the determinants of coronary artery blood flow. Briefly compare phasic coronary blood flow in the left and right coronary arteries. (1997)
- The heart rate of a healthy 20 yr old goes from 55bpm to 130 bpm after receiving atropine IV. Describe the effects of tachycardia on myocardial O2 supply and demand in a normal heart. (95A4)
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