Notes
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Table of contents
Notes
1.
Pharmacology
1.1.
IV anaesthetics
1.1.1.
Benzodiazepine
1.1.2.
Nonbarbiturate IV anaesthetics
1.2.
Analgesia
1.2.1.
Opioids
1.2.1.1.
Opioid agonists
1.2.1.2.
Opioid antagonist
1.3.
Autonomic drugs
1.3.1.
Sympathomimetics
1.3.2.
Alpha and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists
1.4.
Cardiovascular drugs
1.4.1.
Antihypertensive drugs
1.4.2.
Peripheral vasodilators
1.4.3.
Anti-arrhythmia drugs
1.4.4.
Calcium channel blockers
1.5.
Antibiotics
1.5.1.
Beta-lactam antibacterial drugs
1.5.1.1.
Penicillin
1.6.
Antiemetic
1.6.1.
Dopamine antagonist
1.6.1.1.
Phenothiazine
1.6.1.2.
Butyrophenones
1.6.1.3.
Benzamide
1.6.2.
5-HT3 antagonist
1.6.3.
Anti-histamine
1.6.4.
Anti-cholinergic
1.6.5.
Miscellaneous anti-emetic agents
1.7.
Glyosides
1.8.
Pharmacology syllabus
2.
Sydney course talk - temporary cache
2.1.
Statistics
2.2.
Pharmacogenetics
2.3.
Pharmaceuticals
2.4.
Inhalational agent talk
2.5.
IV induction talk
2.6.
Elderly
2.7.
SAQ
3.
Physiology
3.1.
Acid and base
3.1.1.
Basics of acid-base
3.1.1.1.
Definitions of acid and base
3.1.1.3.
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
3.1.1.4.
pH and [H+] conversion
3.1.1.5.
pH and temperature
3.1.1.6.
Acid production
3.1.1.7.
Anion gap
3.1.1.8.
Base excess
3.1.2.
Defence to acid-base disturbance
3.1.2.1.
Buffer
3.1.2.1.1.
Contribution by buffering systems
3.1.2.1.2.
pKa
3.1.3.
Acid-base disturbances
3.1.3.1.
Respiratory acidosis
3.1.3.1.1.
Causes of respiratory acidosis
3.1.4.
From Kerry's book
3.1.4.1.
Metabolic acidosis
3.1.4.1.1.
Causes of metabolic acidosis
3.1.4.2.
Respiratory alkalosis
3.1.4.3.
Metabolic alkalosis
3.1.4.4.
Lactic acidosis
3.1.4.5.
Ketoacidosis
3.1.4.6.
Renal causes of acidosis
3.1.4.7.
Metabolic Acidosis due to Drugs and Toxins
3.1.4.8.
Sodium bicarbonate
3.1.4.9.
Diagnosis
3.1.4.10.
Pregnancy
3.1.4.11.
Infants
3.1.4.12.
Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis
3.1.5.
Rules
3.1.6.
Miscellaneous in acid and base
3.2.
Cardiovascular
3.2.1.
Blood
3.2.1.1.
Distribution of body water
3.2.1.2.
Blood volume and distribution
3.2.2.
Heart
3.2.2.1.
Structure
3.2.2.2.
Electrical activity
3.2.2.2.1.
Conduction speed
3.2.2.2.2.
Fast-response cardiac action potential
3.2.2.2.2.1.
Voltage-dependent sodium channel
3.2.2.2.2.1.1.
Refractory period
3.2.2.2.2.2.
Calcium channel
3.2.2.2.2.3.
Potassium channels
3.2.2.2.3.
Slow-response cardiac action potential
3.2.2.2.3.1.
Pacemaker potential
3.2.2.2.4.
ECG
3.2.2.3.
Heart pump
3.2.2.3.1.
Left ventricular pressure-time curve
3.2.2.3.2.
Stroke volume
3.2.2.3.3.
Heart sounds
3.2.3.
Peripheral circulation
3.2.3.1.
Haemodynamics
3.2.3.2.
Starling forces
3.2.3.3.
Lymph
3.2.3.4.
Blood vessels
3.2.4.
Regulatory mechanisms
3.2.4.1.
Regulation of heart rate
3.2.4.1.1.
ANS innervation of the heart
3.2.4.1.2.
Reflexes on HR
3.2.4.2.
Regulation of peripheral blood flow
3.2.4.2.1.
Local control
3.2.4.2.1.1.
Endothelium-related vasoactive substances
3.2.4.2.1.2.
Basal tone of vascular smooth muscles
3.2.4.2.2.
Systemic control by hormone
3.2.4.2.2.1.
Effects of catecholamines on BP
3.2.4.2.3.
Systemic control by nervous system
3.2.4.2.3.1.
Vasomotor centre
3.2.4.2.3.2.
Baroreceptors
3.2.4.2.3.3.
Other vascular reflexes
3.2.4.3.
Control of cardiac output
3.2.4.3.1.
Cardiac function curve (of Guyton)
3.2.4.3.2.
Vascular function curve
3.2.5.
Special circulations
3.2.5.1.
Cerebral blood flow
3.2.5.1.1.
Cerebral perfusion
3.2.5.1.2.
Intracranial pressure
3.2.5.1.3.
CSF
3.2.5.2.
Coronary blood flow
3.2.5.2.1.
Myocardial oxygen consumption
3.2.5.2.2.
Myocardial perfusion
3.2.5.3.
Renal
3.2.5.4.
Hepatic
3.2.5.5.
Skin blood flow
3.2.5.6.
Foetal circulation
3.2.6.
Special circumstances
3.2.6.1.
Valsalva manoeuvre
3.2.6.2.
CVS response to standing
3.2.6.3.
Haemorrhage
3.2.6.3.1.
Refractory shock
3.2.6.4.
Exercise
3.3.
Endocrinology
3.3.1.
Pancreas - endocrine
3.3.1.1.
Insulin
3.3.1.1.1.
Diabetes mellitus
3.3.1.1.2.
Insulin excess
3.3.1.2.
Glucagon
3.3.2.
Growth hormone
3.3.3.
Glucocorticoids
3.3.4.
Thyroid hormones
3.3.5.
Glucocorticoids
3.3.6.
Erythropoietin
3.4.
General physiology
3.4.1.
Action potential
3.4.2.
Resting membrane potential
3.4.3.
Quick notes
3.4.4.
Osmotic pressure and oncotic pressure
3.4.5.
Gibbs-Donnan relationship
3.4.6.
Electrolytes
3.4.6.1.
Distribution of ions
3.4.6.1.1.
Extracellular vs intracellular concentration
3.4.6.1.2.
Sodium distribution
3.4.6.1.3.
Potassium distribution
3.4.6.1.4.
Magnesium distribution
3.4.6.1.5.
Iron distribution
3.4.6.2.
Magnesium
3.4.6.3.
Iron
3.4.6.3.1.
Iron in pregnancy
3.4.7.
IV solutions
3.4.7.1.
IV fluid
3.4.7.1.1.
IV fluids from UK anaesthesia site
3.4.7.1.1.1.
Paediatric fluid replacement
3.5.
GIT
3.6.
Haematology
3.6.1.
Blood cells
3.6.1.1.
Platelet
3.6.1.2.
White blood cells
3.6.1.3.
Red blood cells
3.6.1.3.1.
Haemoglobin
3.6.1.3.1.1.
Methaemoglobin
3.6.2.
Transfusion medicine
3.6.2.1.
RBC antigens and antibodies
3.6.2.1.1.
ABO system
3.6.2.1.2.
Rhesus system
3.6.2.2.
Complications of blood transfusion
3.6.2.2.1.
Massive blood transfusion
3.6.2.3.
Blood storage
3.6.2.3.1.
Plasma preparations
3.6.2.3.2.
Platelet storage
3.6.2.3.3.
Whole blood storage
3.6.2.4.
Blood compatibility test
3.6.2.4.1.
Coomb's test
3.6.3.
Plasma protein
3.7.
Immunology
3.8.
Maternal and foetal
3.8.1.
Changes to CVS at birth
3.8.2.
Maternal
3.8.2.1.
Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy
3.8.2.2.
Respiratory changes in pregnancy
3.8.2.3.
Endocrine changes in pregnancy
3.8.2.4.
Metabolic changes in pregnancy
3.8.2.5.
Haematological changes in pregnancy
3.8.2.6.
Gastrointestinal changes in pregnancy
3.8.2.7.
Renal changes in pregnancy
3.8.2.8.
CNS changes in pregnancy
3.8.3.
Placental gas exchange
3.9.
Metabolism and Nutrition
3.9.1.
Metabolism
3.9.1.1.
Energy production
3.9.1.2.
Carbohydrate metabolism
3.9.1.2.1.
Glycolysis
3.9.1.2.2.
Citric acid cycle
3.9.1.2.3.
Oxidative phosphorylation
3.9.1.2.4.
Gluconeogenesis
3.9.1.2.5.
Glycogen synthesis and breakdown
3.9.1.2.6.
Glucose transporter
3.9.1.3.
Protein metabolism
3.9.1.4.
Starvation
3.9.2.
Scrap
3.10.
Muscle
3.10.1.
Muscle structure
3.10.1.1.
Skeletal muscle
3.10.1.1.1.
Skeletal muscle tension
3.10.1.1.2.
Types of skeletal muscle
3.10.1.2.
Cardiac muscles
3.10.1.3.
Smooth muscles
3.10.2.
Scrap
3.11.
Neurophysiology
3.11.1.
Scrap
3.11.2.
QN: CSF
3.11.3.
Thirst
3.11.4.
Hunger
3.11.5.
Circadian rhythm
3.11.6.
Blood-brain barrier
3.11.7.
Circumventricular organs
3.11.8.
Autonomic nervous system
3.11.8.1.
Anatomy
3.11.8.2.
Neurotransmitters
3.11.8.3.
Effects of ANS stimulation
3.11.8.4.
Adrenergic receptors
3.11.8.5.
Cholinergic receptors
3.11.9.
QN: Pain
3.12.
Renal
3.12.1.
Basic functions of kidney
3.12.2.
Structure of kidney
3.12.3.
Glomerular filtration rate
3.12.4.
Tubular transport mechanisms
3.12.5.
Renal handling of organic substances
3.12.5.1.
Active secretions of organic anions and cations
3.12.5.2.
Urea
3.12.6.
Renal handling of sodium, chloride and water
3.12.6.1.
Daily balance of sodium and water
3.12.6.2.
Sodium and water resorption by segments
3.12.6.3.
Water reabsorption
3.12.6.4.
Sodium reabsorption
3.12.6.5.
Chloride reabsorption
3.12.6.6.
Medullary osmotic gradient
3.12.6.7.
Summary
3.12.7.
Control of sodium and water excretion
3.12.7.1.
Pressure natriuresis and diuresis
3.12.7.2.
Tubuloglomerular feedback
3.12.7.3.
Glomerulotubular balance
3.12.7.4.
Control of Sodium balance
3.12.7.4.1.
Renin-angiotensin system
3.12.7.4.2.
Aldosterone
3.12.7.4.3.
Natriuretic hormones
3.12.7.4.4.
Antidiuretic hormone (aka Vasopressin)
3.12.7.4.5.
Renal nerve stimulation
3.12.8.
Renal regulation of potassium
3.12.8.1.
Potassium
3.12.9.
Renal handling of acid-base balance
3.12.10.
Renal regulation of calcium and phosphate balance
3.12.10.1.
Calcium
3.12.10.2.
Phosphorus
3.12.10.3.
Vitamin D
3.12.10.4.
Parathyroid hormone
3.12.10.5.
Calcitonin
3.12.11.
Others
3.12.11.1.
Scrap
3.12.11.2.
Sulphate
3.13.
Respiratory
3.13.1.
@@Lung structure
3.13.2.
Ventilation and perfusion
3.13.2.1.
Principles of physics
3.13.2.2.
Ventilation
3.13.2.2.1.
Mechanics of breathing
3.13.2.2.1.1.
Lung compliance
3.13.2.2.1.2.
Work of breathing
3.13.2.2.1.3.
Airway resistance
3.13.2.2.1.4.
Flow-volume curve
3.13.2.2.2.
Lung volumes
3.13.2.2.2.1.
Closing capacity and closing volume
3.13.2.2.2.2.
Functional residual capacity
3.13.2.3.
Perfusion
3.13.2.3.1.
Gravity and pulmonary perfusion
3.13.2.3.2.
Pulmonary vascular resistance
3.13.2.4.
V/Q matching
3.13.2.5.
Abnormality in ventilation and/or perfusion
3.13.2.5.1.
V/Q inequality and its effect on PaO2 and PaCO2
3.13.2.5.2.
Venous admixture
3.13.2.5.3.
PaCO2 and end-tidal PCO2
3.13.2.5.4.
Respiratory failure
3.13.3.
Gas carriage
3.13.3.1.
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG)
3.13.3.2.
Gas transfer - perfusion limited vs diffusion limited
3.13.3.3.
Mixed venous blood and O2 tension
3.13.3.4.
Oxygen
3.13.3.4.1.
Oxygen cascade
3.13.3.4.2.
Oxygen dissociation curve
3.13.3.4.3.
Oxygen flux
3.13.3.5.
Carbon dioxide
3.13.3.5.1.
CO2 carriage in blood
3.13.4.
Regulation of respiration
3.13.4.1.
Receptor
3.13.4.2.
CNS centres
3.13.5.
Special circumstances
3.13.5.1.
Exercise
3.13.5.1.1.
Oxygen consumption and ventilation
3.13.5.1.2.
Oxygen debt
3.13.6.
Others
3.13.6.1.
20050307
3.13.6.2.
20050103
3.13.6.3.
20041229
3.13.6.4.
Oxygen toxicity
3.13.6.5.
Metabolic lung functions
3.13.6.6.
Altitude
3.13.7.
Respiratory
3.13.7.1.
Pulmonary gas volumes and ventilation
3.13.7.1.1.
Physiological dead space
3.13.7.1.2.
Ventilation distribution
3.13.7.2.
Pulmonary circulation
3.13.7.2.1.
Pulmonary vs systemic circulation
3.13.7.3.
Applied respiratory physiology
3.13.7.3.1.
Functional residual capacity
3.13.7.4.
Oxygen toxicity
3.13.7.5.
Respiratory - Questions only
3.14.
Miscellaneous
3.14.1.
Thermoregulation
3.14.2.
Sleep
3.14.3.
Bone
3.15.
Physiology - Key points
3.15.1.
Graphs to learn
3.15.2.
Formula to learn
3.16.
SAQs
3.16.1.
Acid and base
3.16.2.
Blood and immune system
3.16.3.
Cardiovascular
3.16.4.
Cellular
3.16.5.
Endocrine and metabolic
3.16.6.
Fluid and electrolyte
3.16.7.
Gastrointestinal
3.16.8.
Maternal, foetal, neonatal
3.16.9.
Muscle
3.16.10.
Neurophysiology
3.16.11.
Renal
3.16.12.
Respiratory
3.16.12.1.
Control of respiration
3.16.12.1.1.
Exercise and ventilation
3.16.12.1.2.
Respiratory rate
3.16.12.2.
Mechanics of breathing
3.16.12.2.1.
Lung compliance
3.16.12.2.2.
Work of breathing
3.16.12.3.
Ventilation-perfusion inequalities
3.16.12.3.1.
Gravity and pulmonary perfusion
3.16.12.3.2.
V/Q inequality and its effect on PaO2 and PaCO2
3.16.12.3.3.
Venous admixture
3.16.12.4.
Gas transport in the blood
3.16.12.4.1.
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG)
3.16.12.4.2.
CO2 carriage in blood
3.16.12.4.3.
Gas transfer - perfusion limited vs diffusion limited
3.16.12.4.4.
Mixed venous blood and O2 tension
3.16.12.4.5.
Oxygen debt
3.16.12.5.
Pulmonary gas volumes and ventilation
3.16.12.5.1.
Airway resistance
3.16.12.5.2.
Flow-volume curve
3.16.12.5.3.
PaCO2 and end-tidal PCO2
3.16.12.5.4.
Physiological dead space
3.16.12.5.5.
Ventilation distribution
3.16.12.6.
Pulmonary circulation
3.16.12.6.1.
Pulmonary vascular resistance
3.16.12.6.2.
Pulmonary vs systemic circulation
3.16.12.7.
Applied respiratory physiology
3.16.12.7.1.
Functional residual capacity
3.16.12.8.
Oxygen toxicity
3.16.12.9.
Respiratory - Questions only
3.16.13.
Thermoregulation
3.16.14.
Clinical measurement - SAQs
3.16.15.
All SAQs
3.17.
Viva questions
4.
Clinical measurement
4.1.
Basic principles
4.1.1.
Electrical principles
4.1.1.1.
Wheatstone bridge
4.1.2.
Flow
4.1.2.1.
Other flow-related principles
4.1.3.
Gas laws
4.1.3.1.
Gas cylinder
4.1.3.2.
Partial pressure
4.1.3.3.
STPD vs BTPS
4.1.4.
Humidity
4.1.5.
SI Units
4.1.6.
Temperature and heat
4.1.7.
Wash-in, wash-out, runaway curve
4.1.8.
Gas analysis principles
4.1.9.
Ultrasound
4.1.10.
Fick principle
4.1.11.
Law of Laplace
4.2.
Measurements
4.2.1.
Humidity measurement
4.2.2.
Temperature measurement
4.2.2.1.
Mercury thermometer
4.2.2.2.
Other thermometers
4.2.3.
Gas analysis
4.2.3.1.
Generic methods
4.2.3.1.1.
Gas chromatography
4.2.3.1.2.
Mass spectormetry
4.2.3.1.3.
Raman scattering
4.2.3.2.
Oxygen-specific
4.2.3.2.1.
Oxygen electrode (Clark electrode)
4.2.3.2.2.
Fuel cell
4.2.3.2.3.
Paramagnetic analysis
4.2.3.2.4.
Pulse oximeter
4.2.3.3.
Other techniques
4.2.3.3.1.
Capnograph
4.2.3.3.2.
Infrared analyzer
4.2.3.3.3.
Piezoelectric crystal resonance
4.2.3.3.4.
Other gas/blood gas analysis
4.2.4.
Manometers
4.2.4.1.
Blood pressure measurement
4.2.4.1.1.
Fourier analysis
4.2.4.1.2.
Measurement accuracy
4.2.4.1.3.
Oscillometric blood pressure measurement
4.2.5.
Nerve stimulator
4.2.6.
Blood flow measurement
4.2.6.1.
Cardic output measurement
4.2.7.
Measurement of compartments
4.2.8.
Flow and volume measurement
4.2.8.1.
Pneumotachograph
4.2.8.2.
Measurement of FRC
5.
Anaesthesia
5.1.
Post-operative nausea and vomiting
6.
Clinical examination
6.1.
Psychiatric history taking
6.1.1.
Taking history in psychiatric cases
6.1.2.
Presenting a psychiatric case
6.1.3.
Mental status examination
6.1.4.
Mini-mental state examination
7.
Disease
Cardiovascular
Acute coronary syndrome
Reperfusion therapy
Atrial fibrillation
Deep vein thrombosis
Hypertension
Hypertension - Malignant
Valvular heart disease
Environmental
Submersion injury
Genetic
Cystic fibrosis
Presentation [Cystic fibrosis]
Investigation [Cystic fibrosis]
Treatment [Cystic fibrosis]
Neurology
Epilepsy
Epilepsy - Presentation
Epilepsy - Investigation
Epilepsy - Treatment
Epilepsy - Other notes
Seizure type - Tonic-clonic (Grand mal)
Seizure type - Absence seizure (Petit mal)
Seizure type - Other generalised seizures
Seizure type - Partial seizures
Epilepsy - Status epilepticus
Epilepsy - Status epilepticus - Investigation
Epilepsy - Status epilepticus - Treatment
Meningitis (Paediatric)
Meningitis (Paediatric) - Presentation
Meningitis (Paediatric) - Investigation
Meningitis (Paediatric) - Treatment
Meningitis (Paediatrics) - Other notes
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (additional info)
(Dementia)
Stroke
Stroke - Presentation
Stroke - Investigation
Stroke - Treatment
Stroke - Prevention
Stroke - Other notes
Stroke - Stroke Syndromes
Obsterics and Gynaecology
Vaginal bleed
Psychiatry
Depression
Depression - Presentation
Depression - Diagnostic criteria
Depression - Treatment
Depression - Other notes
(Schizophrenia)
Respiratory
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Topics to cover
8.
Microbiology
8.1.
Gram-positive cocci
8.1.1.
Staphylococcus
8.1.1.1.
Staphylococcus aureus
8.1.1.2.
Staphylococcus epidermidis
8.1.1.3.
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
8.1.2.
Streptococcus
8.1.2.1.
Streptococcus pyogenes
8.1.2.2.
Streptococcus agalactiae
8.1.2.3.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
8.1.2.4.
Enterococcus
8.1.2.5.
Nonenterococcal group D streptococci
8.1.2.6.
Viridans streptococci
8.1.2.7.
Others
8.2.
Gram-positive bacilli/rod
8.2.1.
Corynebacteria
8.2.1.1.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
8.2.1.2.
Diphtheroids
8.2.2.
Bacillus
8.2.2.1.
Bacillus anthracis
8.2.2.2.
Other bacilli
8.2.3.
Listeria
8.2.3.1.
Listeria monocytogenes
8.2.4.
Others
8.3.
Gram-negative cocci
8.3.1.
Neisseriae
8.3.1.1.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
8.3.1.2.
Neisseria meningitis
8.3.2.
Others
8.3.2.1.
Moraxella
8.3.2.2.
Acinetobacter
8.4.
Gram-negative bacilli/rods (enteric)
8.4.1.
Escherichia coli
8.4.2.
Salmonella
8.4.3.
Campylobacter
8.4.4.
Shigella
8.4.5.
Vibrios
8.4.6.
Yersinia
8.4.7.
Helicobacter
8.4.8.
Others
8.5.
Gram-negative bacilli/rods (non-enteric)
8.5.1.
Respiratory tract
8.5.1.1.
Haemophilus
8.5.1.2.
Bordetella
8.5.1.3.
Legionella
8.5.2.
Opportunistic
8.5.2.1.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
8.5.2.2.
Other pseudomonas
8.5.3.
Zoonotic
8.5.3.1.
Brucella
8.5.3.2.
Francisella tularensis
8.5.3.3.
Pasteurella
8.5.3.4.
Yersinia Pestis
8.5.3.5.
Bartonella
9.
Protocol
9.1.
BCLS + ACLS
9.2.
Immunisation
9.3.
Antenatal blood screening
10.
Scraps
10.1.
Format testing
10.2.
Template for pharmacology
10.3.
Test
10.3.1.
Local anaesthetics.html
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