Pulmonary gas volumes and ventilation

1. Describe the factors that affect airways resistance. (99B3, 03B13)
2. A. Draw an expiratory flow volume curve for a forced expiration from total lung capacity. Describe its characteristics in people with normal lungs, as well as those with obstructive and restrictive lung disease (00B3)
   B. Draw a respiratory flow/volume loop and outline how it is obtained. Briefly explain the physiological mechanisms involved in the concept of flow limitation. (96B6)
   C. Draw a flow/volume curve for a maximum forced expiration in a person with healthy lungs from: (a) Total lung capacity; (b) Function Residual capacity. Explain your curves. (98A2) 
3. Briefly describe the potential causes of a difference between measured end-tidal and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (03B11) (96B7)
   What is the end tidal CO2? How does it differ from arterial CO2 tension and the mixed expired CO2 tension? What factors influence its value? (1995) 
4. Write short notes on physiological dead space (1990)
5. Explain the factors influencing the distribution of ventilation during the inhalation of 500ml of air from Functional Residual Capacity in the erect posture (97B7)