Daily balance of sodium and water
Sodium
(g/day)
Intake
Output
- Sweat = 0.25g
- Feces = 0.25g
- Urine = 10g
Total output = 10.5g
Water
(mL/day)
Intake
- Food and drink = 2200mL
- Metabolically produced = 350mL
* Oxidation of carbohydrate
Total = 2550mL
Output
- Insensible losses (skin and lungs)
= 900mL
- Sweat = 50mL
- Feces = 100mL
- Urine = 1500mL
Total = 2550mL
* Plus menstrual flow and milk in women
NB:
- Insensible loss through skin is NOT sweat
* Transepidermal diffusion
* No associated solute loss (i.e. pure water loss)
[KB2:p21]
- Insensible loss
* Skin = 400mL/day
* Respiratory tract = 400mL/day
- Evaporative heat loss associated with insensible loss
= 464 kcals
~ 25% of basal heat production
* 0.58 kcals per gram of water evaporated
Obligatory water loss
Daily waste products (including urea, sulfate, phosphate)
= 600-700 mOsm/day
Maximum urine concentration
= 1200-1400 mOsm/kg
Thus,
Minimum urine production ~ 0.5L/day
Daily waste product
[KB2:p159]
- Na+ = 100-150 mmol/day
- K+ = 70-100 mmol/day
- Cl- = 150 mmol/day
- Urea = 400 mmol/day
NB:
Creatinine excretion = 12 mmol/day