3.17. Viva questions
Viva questions
Acid-base
- Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
- Titratable acidity
- Buffers
Cardiovascular
- Determinants of myocardial O2 demand and supply
- Myocardial contractility
- CVP/RAP trace
- LV pressure time curve
- LV pressure volume loop
- Coronary artery blood flow
- Oxygen flux
- Circulatory changes at birth
- Pressure trace right atrium to wedge
- PCWP as an estimate of LV preload
- Afterload, preload
- Myocyte action potential
- Starling law of the heart
- Radial artery vs aortic waveform
- Radial artery waveform changes with age
- ?? Autoregulation
- Cardiac function curves
- Cerebral blood flow
- Cerebral blood flow measurement
- Comparison of pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances
- Resistance in fluid system
- Haemorrhage (include temporal)
- ?? Venous return curves
- Guyton's curves
- Coronary sinus pO2
- Valsalva manoeuvre
- Effects of IPPV and PEEP
- Lymph (formation and flow)
- Head-down tilt - effect on ICP
- Coronary artery flow curves
- ECG label
- Wigger's diagram
Cellular
- Resting membrane potential
- Krebs cycle
- Transmembrane transport
- Nernst equation
Endocrine
- Effects of insulin
- Control of blood glucose
- Thyroid hormone (synthesis, action)
- Hormones released by the thyroid
- Pancreatic hormones
- alpha, beta, Ach, Histamine receptors
Fluid and electrolyte
- RMP
- ANP
- Mole/osmole/osmolality measurement
- Osmosis
- Colloid osmotic pressure
- Colligative properties
- 1/3 blood volume loss
- Calcium (function and regulation)
- Iron (distribution in body)
- Iodine metabolism
- Water homeostasis
- Composition of Hartmann's solution
GIT
- Dietary fat, protein, carbohydrate handling
- Bile and its loss
- Gastric secretion
- Pancreatic secretions
- Function of liver
- Gastric emptying
- Mechanism preventing gastro-oesophageal reflux
- Lower oesophageal sphincter
Hematology
- Haemoglobin structure and synthesis
- Coagulation
- What stops blood clotting
- Blood groups
- Crossmatching
- Von Willebrand's factor
- Hypersensitivity/Anaphylaxis
- Changes in stored blood
- Complement cascade
- Effects of massive transfusion
- Difference between plasma and serum
- Composition of fresh frozen plasma
- Content of a unit of pack cells
- Fibrinolysis
Maternal-foetal
- O2 transfer at placenta
- Cardiovascular changes at birth
- Respiratory changes at birth
- Cardiovascular changes during pregnancy
- Respiratory changes during pregnancy
- Endocrine changes during pregnancy
- Placenta anatomy
Metabolism
- Metabolism, aerobic vs anaerobic
- Glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
- Starvation
Muscles
- Different tyeps of muscles
- Describe a sarcomere
Neurology
- Blood brain barrier
- CSF composition, production and absorption
- Pain sensation
- ICP
- Monro-Kellie doctrine
- GABA receptors in CNS
- EEG waveforms
- Sleep
Renal
- Countercurrent system
- GFR; Starling forces
- Renal handling of bicarbonate
- Renal response in metabolic alkalosis/acidosis
- Renal concentrating/diluting ability
- Range of urine osmolalities
- Excretion of fixed acids
- ADH
- Total body water and measurement
- Free water clearance
- Effects of increased renal blood flow on GFR
- Renal blood flow
- Renal handling of potassium
- Function of kidney
- Tubular fluid osmotic chnges along the nephron
- Renal handing of glucose
- Renal handling of water balance
Respiratory
- Dead space, types and measurement
- Hypoxia, definition and classification
- Compliance (inc. static vs dynamic compliance)
- Pulmonary vascular resistance
- Effects of breathing high inspired CO2
- Ideal alveolar equation
- Altitude
- Effects of breathing low FiO2
- Oxygen cascade
- PaO2 and changes with age
- Work of breathing
- Diffusion
- Spirograph
- PEFR (?? peak expiratory flow rate)
- Airway resistance
- Flow volume loops
- Blood gases, acute respiratory acidosis
- Shunt/venous admixture
- CO2 carriage
- Oxygen carriage
- Alveolar-arterial gradient for oxygen
- Blood gas interpretation
- BMR/MRO2
- Causes of low PaO2
- Chemoreceptors, central and peripheral
- Control of ventilation
- Continuous positive airway pressure
- Haldane effect
- Hypoxia (classification and causes)
- Lung volumes
- Occluded left main bronchus
- Occluded left pulmonary artery
- Oxygen stores
- Resistance to breathing
- Respiratory quotient
- Respiratory effect of morbid obesity
- Shunt
- Surfactant
- Surface tension
- V/Q mismatch
- Distribution of pO2, pCO2, pH, and V/Q in the upright lung
- Venous admixture
- Effects of supine position
- Closing capacity
- Regional variations in ventilation
- Static compliance
- A-a gradient
- ETCO2 waveforms
- Effects of change in minute ventilation on CO2
- Effect of change in inspired pressure on CO2
- FRC and measurement
- Expired volume vs time graph [WG21:p656]
- Minute ventilation vs pCO2 and pO2
- Systemic circulation vs pulmonary circulation
Measurement/physics
- Mass spectrometer
- Transducers
- Wheatstone bridge
- SI units
- Flowmeters; types and principles
- Impedance/resistor/inducer
- Pneumotacograph
- Humidity
- Boiling point
- Heat vs Temperature
- Calibration of arterial lines
- Capnography
- Humidity
- Measurement of blood pressure
- Measurement of cardiac output
- Measure of gas flow
- Measurement of intracellular water
- Measurement of osmolality
- Measurement of temperature
- Measurement of end-tidal CO2
- Pulse oximetry
- Cardiac output: invasive and non-invasive
Other
- Effect of tourniquet release
- Effect of steep trendelenberg position
- Hormones (definition, classification, secretion)
- Reflexes
- Thermoregulation
- Thermoneutral zone
- Causes of heat loss
- Effect of 48 hour fast
- Lactate production